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Illinois exam glossary

Agency disclosure

Before a consumer discusses a price limit or negotiating strategy, they need to know whom the licensee represents. Illinois uses different writings for designated agency, nonrepresentation and dual agency. The right answer depends on the relationship, the work being performed and the point the transaction has reached.

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The short answer

Agency disclosure tells an Illinois consumer whom a licensee represents or does not represent. Designated agents give written relationship and agent-name notice no later than beginning that work. Customers receive timely written nonrepresentation notice, with offer preparation as the outside limit. Dual agency separately requires prior informed written consent and transaction-specific written confirmation. Apply any earlier rule for the work being performed.

Reviewed October 24, 2026. Agency/representation disclosure is National VI.C.1 in the June 24, 2026 PSI outline; designated agency and no-agency notices are also in Illinois IV.A. The whole national Agency domain is 13 of 100 scored questions, and the whole state Disclosures domain is 10 of 40. Neither is a page-specific quota. The July 13, 2026 amendment to Rule 1450.770 adds important context for listing-side assistance.

Match the writing to the relationship and the trigger

  1. Establish the relationship before choosing the form. Section 15-10 treats the consumer a licensee is working with as a designated client unless the sponsoring broker and consumer agree in writing to a different relationship. A customer is not represented by that particular licensee and might have an agent elsewhere. A missing signature is not automatic proof that no agency exists.
  2. For designated agency, disclose both the relationship and the actual designated-agent names in writing no later than beginning to work in that role. Section 15-35(a) permits the notice inside the brokerage agreement or in a separate document. The sponsoring broker retains the copy for licensee and company records, and the consumer or client receives a copy. Naming only the brokerage does not identify the designated individual or individuals.
  3. For a customer, provide written notice of nonrepresentation early enough to prevent the customer from sharing confidential information under a mistaken assumption of agency. Section 15-35(c) sets an outside limit of offer preparation, not offer signature, acceptance or closing. The preventive purpose can require earlier notice. Do not invite private bargaining information first and treat later paperwork as proof of timely notice.
  4. Apply the specific listing-side rule too. Under current .770(i)(1), a licensee with an executed seller/owner brokerage agreement may perform licensed activities on that client's behalf with an unrepresented buyer or tenant after providing written notice that the licensee is not their agent. If instead acting as dual agent, .770(i)(2) requires the buyer/tenant agreement and compliance with Section 15-45 before services on that buyer or tenant's behalf. A general offer-preparation limit does not displace this earlier condition.
  5. Keep disclosure separate from the brokerage agreement. The agreement states engagement terms; the notice identifies representation. A combined document can serve both functions only if it meets both requirements. Rule .770(g) requires a seller/owner agreement before marketing or listing. Subsection (h) requires a buyer/tenant agreement before, or as soon as reasonably practical after, the described licensed assistance. That wording does not allow delay of a different duty with an earlier trigger.
  6. For dual agency, distinguish presentation, consent and confirmation. A licensee offering dual representation presents the statutory disclosure when the brokerage agreement is entered. The client may sign then or later, but informed written consent from all clients must precede acting as dual agent. Section 15-45(c) separately requires written confirmation for the particular transaction and says it should be obtained when the clients execute an offer or purchase or lease contract. If embedded in another document, the client signs that document and initials the confirmation provision.
  7. Respect the limits that consent cannot erase. A dual agent cannot recommend the buyer's offer price or terms, or the seller's counteroffer or acceptance terms. Providing comparable-sale information is different. Nor can consent authorize dual agency when the licensee or an entity in which the licensee has or will have an ownership interest is a transaction party; Rule .820 expressly includes direct and indirect interests.
  8. Discuss compensation without using it to assign loyalty. Section 15-35(b) requires the representing licensee to discuss the sponsor's compensation policy, terms and amounts offered to cooperating brokers representing others. Section 15-40 says payment or promised payment is not determinative of agency. A commission source does not replace the relationship documents, notice, consent or applicable agreement requirements.
Illinois agency writings: different purposes and timing
Writing or stepTrigger or timingWhat it establishes
Designated-agency notice, 15-35(a)No later than beginning work as designated agentWritten relationship and actual agent names; consumer copy and broker record
Customer no-agency notice, 15-35(c)Prevent mistaken confidential disclosure; never later than offer preparationThis licensee does not represent this customer
Listing-side customer assistance, .770(i)(1)Written nonrepresentation notice before the described assistanceExecuted seller/owner agreement and work on that client's behalf
Dual disclosure presentation, 15-45(b)When the brokerage agreement is entered, if dual representation is offeredClient receives the statutory dual disclosure
Informed dual consent, 15-45(a)-(b)All clients, in writing, before dual-agent workVoluntary informed authorization; presentation alone is insufficient
Specific dual confirmation, 15-45(c)Required; statute says it should be obtained at offer/contract executionPrior consent confirmed for this transaction; embedded provision also initialed
Brokerage agreement, 15-50 and .770Apply the separate seller, buyer and specific dual-route clocksEngagement terms and named designated agents, not merely notice of status

The distinctions that matter

Agency disclosure: key distinctions
DistinctionHow it worksWhat to notice
Disclosure vs. consentDisclosure supplies information. Informed written dual consent authorizes the stated representation after the client understands the conflict and limits.Giving a form is not receiving consent.
Prior consent vs. specific confirmationConsent comes before dual work. Confirmation identifies the actual transaction and does not substitute for missing prior consent.Required confirmation and its should-at-execution timing are separate statements.
A customer of this licensee vs. an unrepresented personCustomer status is relative to the licensee. A buyer may be another agent's client while remaining a customer of the seller's agent.Whose agent is being identified?
Company identity vs. designated-agent identityThe sponsoring broker is the business party to the relationship. The notice also names the actual designated licensee or licensees.The firm name alone does not name the agent.
Separate designated agents vs. one dual agentProperly designated different individuals at one firm do not become individual dual agents solely because their clients transact together.Ask whether the particular licensee represents both sides.
Confidential strategy vs. material physical informationThe Act excludes material physical-condition information from its confidential-information definition. A client's request for secrecy cannot create a blanket exception to required physical-fact disclosure.A price limit and a required property disclosure are different.
Required writing vs. an automatic no-agency defenseSection 15-50 requires the written agreement but preserves oral-agreement claims and remedies. Its absence does not itself settle whether an agreement or licensed work existed.Do not use the oral-claim provision as permission to omit required writing.

Work through the facts

Agency work starts before an offer

A licensee begins acting as a buyer's designated agent but plans to identify the relationship and agent names in writing only after a suitable property is found.

  1. The stated agency work has begun.
  2. Section 15-35(a) sets that beginning as the outside deadline.
  3. Finding a property or preparing an offer is not the trigger for this notice.

Answer: Provide the written relationship and named-agent disclosure no later than beginning the designated work.

Listing-side assistance has an earlier condition

A licensee has an executed seller agreement and will help an unrepresented buyer with licensed activities on the seller's behalf. The licensee proposes waiting for offer preparation to give written nonrepresentation notice.

  1. Rule .770(i)(1) describes this specific situation.
  2. It permits that assistance after written nonrepresentation disclosure.
  3. Section 15-35(c)'s outside limit does not erase the earlier rule condition.

Answer: Give the written notice before that listing-side assistance, without presenting the work as buyer advocacy. Do not substitute an oral assurance for the required writing.

The confirmation is inside the purchase contract

Both clients previously gave informed written dual consent. They sign a purchase contract containing the specific confirmation but leave its confirmation initials blank.

  1. Prior consent and the specific confirmation are separate.
  2. Section 15-45(c) requires signing the containing document and initialing the confirmation provision.
  3. The general contract signatures do not supply the omitted initials.

Answer: The embedded confirmation is missing the required initials.

Payment does not switch the client

A buyer has a valid representation agreement and named buyer agent. The seller funds compensation to the buyer's brokerage and claims that this makes the buyer agent the seller's representative.

  1. Section 15-40 says payment is not determinative of agency.
  2. The facts identify the buyer representation.
  3. The funding source does not by itself reverse that relationship.

Answer: The payment alone does not make the buyer agent the seller's agent.

The buyer is a client elsewhere

Buyer Pat has a separately designated buyer agent. The seller's agent calls Pat a customer relative to the seller-side relationship.

  1. Customer means not represented by the licensee being discussed.
  2. Pat can simultaneously be the buyer agent's client.
  3. Do not infer that Pat lacks representation everywhere.

Answer: Customer of the seller's agent does not mean unrepresented by anyone.

A dual agent is asked to choose the offer

All required dual consent and confirmation are present. The buyer asks the dual agent to recommend the exact price and terms to offer.

  1. Written permission to act in dual agency does not remove its advice limits.
  2. Providing factual comparable-sale information is permitted in the statutory disclosure.
  3. Recommending the buyer's offer price or terms is a different act.

Answer: Do not recommend the buyer's offer price or terms as dual agent; the clients negotiate in their own interests.

An owned entity is buying

An entity in which the licensee will acquire an indirect ownership interest is a transaction party. Everyone offers to sign a dual-agency waiver.

  1. Rule .820 expressly reaches present or future direct or indirect ownership.
  2. The prohibition is different from a conflict that informed consent can authorize.
  3. No small-interest exception is supplied by these facts.

Answer: The licensee cannot serve as dual agent in that transaction.

Mistakes to avoid

  • Wait until the offer is signed for every agency notice. Designated work, prevention of mistaken confidential disclosure and listing-side assistance can trigger earlier writing.
  • The no-agency form is a complete representation agreement. One explains nonrepresentation; the other must establish the engagement terms and designated agents required for representation.
  • The first consent replaces confirmation. The actual dual transaction requires separate written confirmation; an embedded provision also requires initials.
  • No signed agreement means no possible client relationship. Apply the statutory default and Section 15-50(a-5). Required writing cannot simply be skipped, and missing writing is not an automatic defense.
  • The same company means every individual is a dual agent. Proper individual designations and actual representation determine that question.
  • Later paperwork proves earlier compliance. Record the real events and dates. A late notice does not establish that the preventive or beginning-work deadline was met.

Check your understanding

These are original teaching questions, not recalled or predicted PSI questions. Answer first, then explain why the other choices fail.

1. A licensee starts work as a designated agent. When must the written relationship and named-agent notice be provided?

  1. Only after the buyer signs an offer.
  2. Only if the consumer asks for it.
  3. No later than beginning that designated work.
  4. Only when commission is paid.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: C. No later than beginning that designated work.

Section 15-35(a) ties the notice to the beginning of designated work. Commission, an offer signature and a consumer request are not substitutes for that trigger. The notice identifies the actual agent or agents, not merely the brokerage.

2. A seller-side licensee with an executed seller agreement will perform licensed activities on the seller's behalf with an unrepresented buyer. What does .770(i)(1) require first?

  1. A showing that the buyer has no confidential information.
  2. Written disclosure that the licensee is not the buyer's agent.
  3. Waiting until offer acceptance.
  4. A buyer promise to use the same lender.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: B. Written disclosure that the licensee is not the buyer's agent.

The specific listing-side rule permits the described assistance after written nonrepresentation notice. Its earlier condition is not displaced by the general outside offer-preparation deadline. None of the other choices supplies the required writing.

3. Both clients sign a purchase contract containing the specific dual-agency confirmation but do not initial that provision. Prior informed consent was valid. What is missing?

  1. Only a seller-paid commission.
  2. Nothing; the contract signatures replace all confirmation initials.
  3. Only an oral reminder after closing.
  4. The required initials on the confirmation provision.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: D. The required initials on the confirmation provision.

Section 15-45(c) requires the signature of the containing document and initials on the embedded confirmation. Compensation and an oral reminder do not cure the omission, and prior consent does not remove the separate confirmation requirement.

4. Which statement accurately distinguishes dual consent from confirmation?

  1. No transaction-specific writing is required.
  2. Confirmation eliminates the need for prior informed consent.
  3. All clients must give informed written consent before dual work; specific written confirmation is also required and should be obtained at offer or contract execution.
  4. Only the seller must give written consent.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: C. All clients must give informed written consent before dual work; specific written confirmation is also required and should be obtained at offer or contract execution.

Sections 15-45(a)-(c) distinguish prior informed consent, mandatory specific written confirmation and the should-at-execution timing language. One client's consent, a substitution of confirmation for consent or no confirmation at all does not meet those requirements.

5. The seller funds compensation to the brokerage that validly represents the buyer. Does that payment alone make the buyer agent the seller's agent?

  1. No; payment or promised payment is not determinative of agency.
  2. No, because buyer agents may never receive seller-funded compensation.
  3. Yes, whoever pays always receives representation.
  4. Yes, but only in leases.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: A. No; payment or promised payment is not determinative of agency.

Section 15-40 rejects payment as determinative. Apply the actual relationships and agreements. The other answers invent a payment-equals-agency rule, a lease exception or a universal compensation prohibition not established by these facts.

6. A buyer is represented by a separate buyer agent. Can the buyer still be a customer of the seller's agent?

  1. Yes; customer status is relative to the licensee who does not represent the person.
  2. Yes; the seller agent therefore owes no honesty duty.
  3. No; all parties at a showing are the listing agent's clients.
  4. No; customer means nobody represents the person anywhere.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: A. Yes; customer status is relative to the licensee who does not represent the person.

The statutory customer definition is relative to the licensee. Separate buyer representation does not turn the seller agent into the buyer's agent or eliminate customer honesty duties. A showing alone does not establish the contrary universal relationships.

7. An entity in which a licensee will hold an indirect ownership interest is a transaction party. Can everyone's written waiver authorize that licensee to act as dual agent?

  1. Yes; future interests never count.
  2. Yes; indirect interests never count.
  3. No; Rule .820 prohibits the stated dual role.
  4. Yes; any written waiver overrides the rule.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: C. No; Rule .820 prohibits the stated dual role.

Rule .820 expressly reaches an entity in which the licensee has or will have any direct or indirect ownership interest. The stated prohibition cannot be converted into a permissible dual role by consent. Future and indirect interests are not the suggested exceptions.

8. A notice identifies the brokerage but omits all designated-agent names. Which answer is best?

  1. An MLS entry automatically cures it.
  2. The Section 15-35(a) notice must identify the actual designated agent or agents.
  3. The company name always substitutes for individual names.
  4. Names are needed only after closing.
Show answer and explanation

Answer: B. The Section 15-35(a) notice must identify the actual designated agent or agents.

The written disclosure must include the names of the designated agents along with the relationship. It may be part of an agreement or a separate document, but a company name, MLS entry or later closing disclosure does not remove that requirement.

Common questions

What is an agency disclosure in Illinois real estate?

It is a writing explaining whom the licensee represents or does not represent. The required content and timing depend on designated agency, customer nonrepresentation or dual agency. It is distinct from a complete brokerage agreement and from property-condition, ownership-interest and other transaction disclosures.

When must designated agency be disclosed?

No later than beginning to work as the consumer's designated agent. Section 15-35(a) requires the relationship and designated-agent names in writing. The notice may be inside the brokerage agreement or separate; a copy goes to the consumer or client and a copy is retained by the sponsoring broker for licensee and company records.

Does every agency notice require the consumer's signature?

Do not import one universal signature rule into every notice. Section 15-35(a) requires the stated written notice, names, copy and retention. The brokerage agreement and informed dual consent have their own requirements, and company forms may request acknowledgment. A signature on an acknowledgment also does not prove that notice was timely if the underlying events occurred earlier.

When is the Illinois no-agency notice due?

Section 15-35(c) requires written nonrepresentation notice at a time intended to prevent the customer from disclosing confidential information under a mistaken understanding of agency, and never later than preparation of an offer to buy or lease. Current .770(i)(1) separately requires that writing before the described licensed seller-side assistance with an unrepresented buyer or tenant. Do not wait for offer signing, acceptance or closing. An oral warning alone does not satisfy the written-notice requirement.

Is a customer always completely unrepresented?

No. A customer is not represented by the licensee in question. That person might be a client of a different designated agent. Identify whose relationship the problem asks about before concluding that the person needs or lacks representation. The specific .770(i)(1) situation expressly involves an unrepresented buyer or tenant.

Can the disclosure and brokerage agreement be one document?

Yes, if it satisfies both legal functions and their requirements. A status notice alone is not automatically a complete engagement agreement. Section 15-50 and Rule .770 address written terms and designation; .770(g)-(i) have distinct seller, buyer and dual-route timing conditions. A document's title does not determine whether the necessary content and timing are present.

Does missing writing prove that no agency exists?

No automatic conclusion follows. Section 15-10 supplies the designated-agency default for the consumer the licensee is working with unless the sponsor and consumer agree in writing to a different relationship. Section 15-50(a-5) preserves oral-agreement claims and remedies and rejects the stated absence-of-writing defense. This does not excuse omitting an agreement that the law requires in writing.

When must dual-agency consent be signed?

A licensee offering dual representation presents the statutory disclosure at brokerage-agreement entry. A client may sign then or later, but informed written consent from all clients must be obtained before the licensee acts as dual agent. Merely presenting the form, one client signing or an oral assurance is insufficient.

What is transaction-specific dual-agency confirmation?

Section 15-45(c) requires written confirmation of prior consent for the actual transaction. It says the confirmation should be obtained at the time the clients execute an offer or purchase or lease contract. That should wording does not make confirmation optional, nor does later confirmation replace the separate prior-informed-consent requirement. A confirmation embedded in another document requires signing that document and initialing its confirmation provision.

Can a client refuse dual agency?

Yes. The statutory disclosure makes consent voluntary. Section 15-45(f) permits the stated withdrawal from a client who has not consented to disclosed dual agency while preserving the ability to represent the other client. For the referral-fee situation in that subsection, written fee disclosure must be made to both the withdrawing client and the client who remains represented. Refusal is not permission to proceed anyway.

Does dual consent allow negotiation recommendations for both sides?

No. The statutory disclosure permits factual help such as comparable-sale information but prohibits recommending the buyer's offer price or terms or the seller's counteroffer or acceptance terms. Permission to disclose a particular client's confidential fact is not a general waiver of those advice limits. Clients negotiate in their own interests and may seek independent advice.

Can an owner-licensee act as dual agent with consent?

No in the prohibited situation: Section 15-45(g) and Rule .820 bar dual agency when the licensee, or an entity in which the licensee has or will have an ownership interest, is a transaction party. The rule expressly includes direct and indirect interests. Disclosure and consent do not create a small-interest exception.

Are different designated agents in the same brokerage automatically dual agents?

No. Section 15-50 permits specific designations excluding other affiliated licensees and addresses the sponsor's status where those designated licensees do not each represent multiple parties. Determine the individual licensee's actual representation. Protect confidential information rather than assuming everyone in the firm represents every client.

What compensation information must be discussed?

Under Section 15-35(b), the representing licensee discusses the sponsoring broker's compensation policy, including compensation terms and amounts offered to cooperating brokers representing other parties. The discussion does not replace required agreement terms. Under Section 15-40, payment or promised payment is not determinative of who is represented.

Does no agency mean no duties or no disclosure of defects?

No. Section 15-25 requires honest treatment and prohibits negligently or knowingly giving false information. For the specified seller-agent duty, disclose actually known latent material adverse physical facts that the prospective buyer could not discover through reasonably diligent inspection. The Act excludes material physical-condition information from confidential information. Do not turn that into a guarantee of unknown defects or permission to hide required facts.

Does confidentiality automatically end when the brokerage agreement ends?

Section 15-30 preserves accounting for transaction money and property and confidentiality of information received during the agreement, subject to the statute's written-agreement qualification. Section 1-10 also specifies exceptions to confidential information, including permitted or legally required disclosure and information becoming public from another source. Ending representation is not blanket permission to disclose former-client strategy.

What if the notice is late or the designated agent changes?

Do not backdate or describe a later writing as proof of an earlier notice. Identify the actual relationship and timing, obtain the required current documentation and involve the sponsoring broker. If the designation changes, the notice and agreement must accurately identify the actual agents and relationship. This guide does not decide the remedy for a past violation or approve a particular substitution or form.

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Official sources and scope

Checked October 24, 2026 using the PSI outline and relevant current official Illinois statutory and adopted-rule text. Official indexed text was used where direct ILGA retrieval was unreliable. Rule .770 is the adopted July 13, 2026 amendment, not an earlier proposal. The notice, agreement, consent and confirmation duties are distinct. This glossary explains those distinctions; it does not supply an approved form or resolve a particular relationship, historical violation, compensation claim or contract remedy.

This is exam preparation, not advice for a specific transaction. State law and the applicable facts control. Our editorial and corrections process explains how to report an issue.

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