- Official section
- National VI.B.2 and Illinois Article 15: Duties to customers
- Broker weight
- 13% of the national broker portion
- Expected scored items
- Agency accounts for about 13 of 100 national items
Illinois exam glossary
Customer in real estate
A customer can receive real help without becoming the licensee's client. That is why customer questions feel slippery. The licensee can open a door, share accurate facts, explain the mechanics of an approved form, and transmit an offer while still representing someone else. The boundary is advocacy. Honest assistance is allowed. Quietly switching loyalty is not.
Last updated: August 1, 2026
What does this exam area cover?
Short answer: An Illinois real estate customer is a consumer whom the licensee does not represent. The customer does not receive that licensee's loyalty, negotiating advocacy, or client confidentiality, but remains protected. The licensee must act honestly, must not negligently or knowingly provide false information, and, when engaged by a seller client, must timely disclose to prospective buyer customers actually known latent material adverse physical facts that a reasonably diligent customer inspection would not reveal. Written no-agency notice must come before confidential disclosure and never later than offer preparation.
This guide follows the PSI Illinois Candidate Information Booklet effective June 24, 2026, current 225 ILCS 454/1-10 and Sections 15-10, 15-15, 15-20, 15-25, 15-35, and 15-40, current 765 ILCS 77, and current 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1450.740 and 1450.755, all checked through August 1, 2026. Section 15-25 is narrower than a complete fraud or disclosure analysis. Federal lead-based-paint law, Illinois radon, flood, mine-subsidence, seller-disclosure, fair-housing, consumer-fraud, zoning, environmental, and local laws can impose separate duties. Licensees should not replace inspection, legal, engineering, environmental, title, lending, or tax professionals.
What is on the official outline?
- Topic
- Identify the customer
- What to know
- consumer, unrepresented person, prospective buyer, prospective tenant, seller's agent, landlord's agent, open-house visitor, caller, offeror, transaction assistance, and no advocacy
- Best exam move
- State whom the licensee represents and label the other consumer as customer only when no representation exists.
- Topic
- Separate customer from client
- What to know
- representation, brokerage agreement, designated agent, client, customer, best interest, confidentiality, lawful obedience, honesty, false information, and disclosure
- Best exam move
- Do not give a customer the opposing agent's loyalty or confidential strategic advice.
- Topic
- Give written no-agency notice
- What to know
- not acting as agent, written disclosure, timing, prevent secrets, offer preparation, purchase, lease, electronic record, delivery, acknowledgment, client identity, and proof
- Best exam move
- Disclose before discussing negotiating leverage and never later than preparing the offer.
- Topic
- Prevent confidential disclosure
- What to know
- maximum price, minimum price, urgency, financing limit, family reason, preferred closing, inspection tolerance, concessions, competing interest, motivation, and strategy
- Best exam move
- Warn the customer before asking questions that invite private bargaining information.
- Topic
- Treat every customer honestly
- What to know
- truth, identity, role, property fact, offer status, process, source, correction, omission, misleading half-truth, no guarantee, and fair dealing
- Best exam move
- The agent may advocate for a client but may not deceive the customer to gain an advantage.
- Topic
- Avoid negligent false information
- What to know
- reasonable basis, square footage, tax, zoning, school, permit, boundary, flood status, rental income, utility cost, age, source attribution, verification, and correction
- Best exam move
- Verify a material claim within professional scope or identify the source and limits instead of guessing.
- Topic
- Avoid knowing false information
- What to know
- actual knowledge, contradiction, altered record, false advertisement, seller statement, prior inspection, repair invoice, water intrusion, code violation, denial, concealment, and correction
- Best exam move
- A client instruction never excuses a statement the licensee knows is false.
- Topic
- Apply the client-source safe harbor
- What to know
- seller information, client source, passed to customer, actual knowledge, no actual knowledge, false statement, negligent repetition, warning sign, verification, attribution, and other law
- Best exam move
- Use the statutory protection only when its source and knowledge conditions are satisfied.
- Topic
- Test physical condition
- What to know
- structure, roof, foundation, basement, plumbing, electrical, HVAC, water, mold, fire, contamination, well, septic, and environmental condition
- Best exam move
- Section 15-25's special seller-agent disclosure sentence targets facts pertaining to physical condition.
- Topic
- Test adverse and material
- What to know
- negative effect, value, desirability, safety, use, repair cost, reasonable decision, price, transaction, minor issue, cosmetic condition, and significance
- Best exam move
- A hidden fact must be both adverse and important enough to matter to a reasonable transaction decision.
- Topic
- Test latency
- What to know
- hidden, concealed, behind finish, intermittent, underground, internal system, no visible sign, patent condition, open defect, reasonably discoverable, and inspection access
- Best exam move
- Separate a concealed problem from one a reasonably diligent customer inspection would reveal.
- Topic
- Test actual knowledge
- What to know
- licensee knows, seller told agent, prior report, observed event, repair record, complaint, notice, rumor, suspicion, reason to inquire, documentation, and memory
- Best exam move
- Do not convert suspicion into actual knowledge, but do not ignore direct evidence already received.
- Topic
- Use the diligent-inspection comparison
- What to know
- ordinary viewing, access, visible staining, smell, crack, test, professional inspection, destructive test, concealed area, locked space, seasonal condition, and red flag
- Best exam move
- Ask whether reasonable inspection by the customer would uncover the fact, not whether discovery was theoretically possible.
- Topic
- Disclose on time
- What to know
- timely disclosure, before decision, showing, offer, counteroffer, inspection, contingency, waiver, closing, newly learned fact, correction, writing, and proof
- Best exam move
- Reveal a covered fact soon enough for the customer to make a meaningful decision.
- Topic
- Separate seller and licensee duties
- What to know
- Residential Real Property Disclosure Report, seller knowledge, statutory questions, delivery, buyer rights, licensee knowledge, Section 15-25, amendment, new information, and independent obligation
- Best exam move
- A seller report does not replace the agent's separate duty concerning actually known covered facts.
- Topic
- Handle customer questions
- What to know
- factual answer, source, unknown, verify, public record, expert referral, legal interpretation, tax advice, engineering, environmental test, lender, title, and inspection
- Best exam move
- Answer what is known accurately, identify uncertainty, and refer beyond the licensee's competence.
- Topic
- Assist without advocacy
- What to know
- showing, brochure, approved form, factual fields, objective explanation, document delivery, offer transmission, scheduling, status, seller instruction, negotiation, strategy, and independent representation
- Best exam move
- Provide neutral mechanics while reserving strategic advice for the represented client.
- Topic
- Protect the client relationship
- What to know
- seller loyalty, landlord loyalty, confidential minimum, motivation, counteroffer, offer strength, competing buyer, customer request, permission, required fact, and no misleading statement
- Best exam move
- Be honest with the customer without revealing client secrets or shifting loyalty.
- Topic
- Separate compensation
- What to know
- commission, seller payment, buyer payment, cooperating broker, referral, bonus, closing credit, compensation policy, payment promise, agency, and representation
- Best exam move
- Payment does not turn the customer into a client or the client's agent into the customer's agent.
- Topic
- Preserve the record
- What to know
- no-agency notice, delivery proof, seller report, question, answer, source, inspection, disclosure, correction, offer, email, text, advertisement, and five-year retention
- Best exam move
- Keep evidence of role clarity, source accuracy, timing, and every material correction.
Which distinctions produce the most mistakes?
- Terms
- Customer vs. client
- Difference
- A customer is unrepresented by the licensee. A client receives that licensee's representation and best-interest duties.
- Question cue
- No advocacy versus advocacy.
- Terms
- Customer vs. consumer
- Difference
- Consumer is anyone seeking or receiving licensed activities. Customer is the consumer whom that licensee does not represent.
- Question cue
- Broad service category versus unrepresented status.
- Terms
- No agency vs. no duty
- Difference
- No agency removes client representation. It does not remove honesty, accurate-information, covered disclosure, fair-housing, and other legal duties.
- Question cue
- No loyalty versus no law, which is wrong.
- Terms
- Assistance vs. representation
- Difference
- Assistance handles transaction mechanics and facts. Representation adds advocacy, loyalty, strategic advice, and client confidentiality.
- Question cue
- Help with process versus act for interests.
- Terms
- Honesty vs. loyalty
- Difference
- Honesty prevents deception toward every customer. Loyalty advances the represented client's lawful interests.
- Question cue
- Truth to customer versus advocacy for client.
- Terms
- Negligent falsehood vs. knowing falsehood
- Difference
- Negligent falsehood lacks reasonable care in accuracy. Knowing falsehood is communicated with awareness that it is false.
- Question cue
- Should have handled carefully versus actually knew.
- Terms
- Latent vs. patent condition
- Difference
- A latent condition is hidden from reasonably diligent inspection. A patent condition is open or reasonably discoverable.
- Question cue
- Hidden versus visible.
- Terms
- Material vs. minor fact
- Difference
- A material fact can affect a reasonable decision, value, use, safety, or terms. A trivial cosmetic issue ordinarily lacks that significance.
- Question cue
- Decision-changing versus inconsequential.
- Terms
- Actual knowledge vs. suspicion
- Difference
- Actual knowledge means the licensee knows the fact. Suspicion or a red flag can require care and referral but is not automatically knowledge of the ultimate defect.
- Question cue
- Known fact versus reason to investigate.
- Terms
- Licensee disclosure vs. seller report
- Difference
- Section 15-25 governs the licensee's customer relationship. The Residential Real Property Disclosure Act separately governs covered seller reporting.
- Question cue
- Agent duty versus owner form.
- Terms
- Disclosure vs. investigation
- Difference
- Disclosure communicates a covered known fact. Investigation seeks facts not yet known and belongs to inspectors or other qualified experts within their scope.
- Question cue
- Tell known fact versus discover unknown fact.
- Terms
- Compensation vs. agency
- Difference
- Compensation is payment for service. Agency is representation and is not determined by who supplies the payment.
- Question cue
- Money source versus relationship.
The C-U-S-T-O-M-E-R check
- Classify: name the client, designated agent, unrepresented consumer, sponsoring broker, property, transaction, and whether a written different relationship exists.
- Understand the notice: deliver written no-agency disclosure before confidential information and never later than preparation of a purchase or lease offer.
- State facts honestly: use reliable sources, avoid guesses and half-truths, correct errors promptly, and do not repeat information negligently or with knowledge of falsity.
- Test the physical fact: ask whether it is adverse, material, latent, actually known by the seller's agent, and undiscoverable through a reasonably diligent customer inspection.
- Offer lawful assistance: provide factual mechanics, approved-form support, document transmission, scheduling, and status without giving the customer the client's advocacy or secrets.
- Maintain boundaries: refuse discrimination and concealment, refer inspections and specialized questions, distinguish seller and licensee disclosures, and document the file.
- Evidence: retain notices, sources, reports, questions, answers, disclosures, corrections, offers, delivery records, and the timing of each customer interaction.
- Resolve uncertainty: state what is unknown, avoid legal conclusions, involve the sponsoring broker, and direct the customer to independent representation or qualified experts.
- Element
- Physical
- Question
- Does it concern property condition?
- Failure result
- Use another rule
- Element
- Adverse
- Question
- Is the effect negative?
- Failure result
- No special trigger
- Element
- Material
- Question
- Could it affect a reasonable decision?
- Failure result
- Too minor
- Element
- Latent
- Question
- Would diligent inspection miss it?
- Failure result
- Patent condition
- Element
- Known
- Question
- Does the licensee actually know?
- Failure result
- No Section 15-25 fact
- Element
- Timely
- Question
- Can the customer still act meaningfully?
- Failure result
- Disclosure too late
How do the rules work in scenarios?
Listing agent and buyer customer
Scenario: A listing agent represents the seller, gives an unrepresented buyer written no-agency notice before discussing price, and later transmits the buyer's completed offer.
- The seller remains the agent's client.
- The buyer received timely relationship disclosure.
- Transmitting the offer does not by itself create buyer advocacy.
Answer: The buyer is the listing agent's customer.
Notice comes after the secret
Scenario: Before giving no-agency notice, a listing agent asks an unrepresented buyer for the highest price the buyer would pay. The buyer answers, and the agent then produces the notice.
- The question invited confidential negotiating information.
- Section 15-35 intends the notice to prevent that disclosure.
- Later paperwork cannot undo the missed timing.
Answer: The no-agency notice was not timely.
Hidden recurring water entry
Scenario: A seller's agent actually watched water enter behind a finished basement wall during two storms. The area now looks dry, and a reasonably diligent visual inspection would not reveal the entry path.
- The condition is physical and adverse.
- Recurring concealed water can be material.
- The agent has actual knowledge and ordinary inspection would miss it.
Answer: The agent must timely disclose the covered fact to prospective buyer customers.
Obvious broken window
Scenario: A large front window is visibly cracked during the showing. The listing agent makes no claim that it is intact.
- A reasonably diligent inspection reveals the crack.
- The fact is patent rather than latent.
- Honesty still prohibits any false statement about it.
Answer: The special latent-fact sentence is not triggered on these facts.
Unsupported square-foot claim
Scenario: A licensee guesses that a house has 3,000 square feet and tells a buyer customer that figure as verified, despite having no measurement or source.
- The statement is presented as fact.
- The licensee lacks a reasonable basis.
- Section 15-25 prohibits negligent false information.
Answer: The licensee should verify the source or state that the figure is unknown.
Seller supplies a false age
Scenario: Seller tells the listing agent the roof is five years old. The agent accurately attributes that statement to the seller and has no knowledge or warning evidence that it is false. It is actually 12 years old.
- The false information came from the client.
- The agent lacked actual knowledge of falsity on the stated facts.
- Section 15-25 contains a specific protection for that situation.
Answer: The statutory client-source protection can apply, subject to all facts and other law.
Customer asks for legal interpretation
Scenario: An unrepresented buyer asks the listing agent whether an attorney-review clause guarantees a right to cancel for any reason after acceptance.
- The question asks for contract-law interpretation.
- The listing agent represents the seller and cannot become the buyer's legal adviser.
- The buyer should obtain independent counsel.
Answer: Explain the role boundary and refer the customer to an attorney.
What are the common exam traps?
- Trap
- Calling every buyer the buyer agent's client
- Correction
- A buyer can remain the listing agent's customer when that agent represents the seller.
- Trap
- Treating customer as no duties owed
- Correction
- Apply honesty, false-information, covered latent-fact, fair-housing, and other legal duties.
- Trap
- Giving notice at closing
- Correction
- Give written no-agency notice before confidential disclosure and never later than offer preparation.
- Trap
- Asking for secrets before notice
- Correction
- Do not invite maximum price, urgency, concessions, or strategy until relationship status is clear.
- Trap
- Advocating both sides informally
- Correction
- Lawful customer assistance does not authorize undisclosed dual loyalty.
- Trap
- Guessing a property fact
- Correction
- Verify the source, state the limitation, or say the answer is not known.
- Trap
- Repeating a claim with red flags
- Correction
- The client-source protection is not a substitute for reasonable handling of contradictory evidence.
- Trap
- Calling every defect latent
- Correction
- Ask whether a reasonably diligent customer inspection would discover it.
- Trap
- Calling every condition material
- Correction
- Test whether the fact could significantly affect a reasonable transaction decision.
- Trap
- Converting suspicion to knowledge
- Correction
- A red flag supports referral and careful statements but is not automatically actual knowledge of the final defect.
- Trap
- Ignoring actual knowledge
- Correction
- Direct observations, reports, seller admissions, or prior events can establish what the licensee actually knows.
- Trap
- Relying only on the seller report
- Correction
- The seller's statutory report and the licensee's Section 15-25 duty are separate analyses.
- Trap
- Acting as the customer's inspector
- Correction
- Disclose covered known facts and refer property-condition investigation to qualified professionals.
- Trap
- Revealing the client's bottom line
- Correction
- Honesty with the customer does not authorize disclosure of the client's confidential strategy.
- Trap
- Following the compensation source
- Correction
- Payment does not determine whether the consumer is a client or customer.
Can you answer these original practice questions?
These questions are original study items aligned to the published outline. They are not copied, recalled, or predicted PSI questions.
1. Who is an Illinois real estate customer?
- A consumer not represented by the licensee
- Every client
- Only a seller
- Only a commission payor
Show answer and explanation
Answer: A consumer not represented by the licensee
Client status requires representation by that licensee.
2. Must a licensee treat customers honestly?
- Yes
- No
- Only at closing
- Only if they pay commission
Show answer and explanation
Answer: Yes
Section 15-25 applies honesty to all customers.
3. What false information does Section 15-25 prohibit giving customers?
- Negligent or knowing false information
- Only recorded false information
- Only seller-signed statements
- Only appraisal opinions
Show answer and explanation
Answer: Negligent or knowing false information
The licensee must handle factual communications honestly and with an adequate basis.
4. When must no-agency notice be given?
- Before confidential disclosure and never later than offer preparation
- After closing
- After commission payment
- Only after inspection
Show answer and explanation
Answer: Before confidential disclosure and never later than offer preparation
The timing is designed to stop the customer from assuming representation and sharing strategy.
5. Which fact fits Section 15-25's seller-agent disclosure test?
- An actually known latent material adverse physical fact
- Every neighborhood rumor
- Any visible paint color
- The customer's maximum price
Show answer and explanation
Answer: An actually known latent material adverse physical fact
The fact also must be undiscoverable through a reasonably diligent customer inspection.
6. Is an obvious broken window latent?
- No
- Yes
- Only in winter
- Only after closing
Show answer and explanation
Answer: No
A reasonably diligent visual inspection would reveal it.
7. Does Section 15-25 require the broker to perform a home inspection?
- No
- Yes
- Only for cash buyers
- Only for condominiums
Show answer and explanation
Answer: No
The statute addresses known facts and disclosure, not professional property inspection by the broker.
8. Can a listing agent give factual offer assistance to a buyer customer?
- Yes, within role and legal limits
- Never
- Only after closing
- Only secretly
Show answer and explanation
Answer: Yes, within role and legal limits
Assistance does not make the listing agent the buyer's advocate.
9. May honesty require revealing a client's confidential minimum price?
- No
- Yes
- Always at an open house
- Only by phone
Show answer and explanation
Answer: No
The agent can deal truthfully without volunteering protected client strategy.
10. Does compensation source decide customer status?
- No
- Yes
- Only in leases
- Only in sales
Show answer and explanation
Answer: No
Section 15-40 separates compensation from agency.
How should you study this area?
- Session
- Session 1
- Focus
- Classify the relationship
- Proof you are ready
- Sort 40 consumer, client, customer, prospect, designated-agent, listing-agent, buyer-agent, landlord-agent, tenant, and no-agency scenarios.
- Session
- Session 2
- Focus
- Master customer communications
- Proof you are ready
- Audit 35 notice-timing, confidential-information, honesty, source, verification, negligent falsehood, knowing falsehood, correction, referral, and record questions.
- Session
- Session 3
- Focus
- Run the physical-fact test
- Proof you are ready
- Solve 40 physical, adverse, material, latent, patent, actual-knowledge, diligent-inspection, timely-disclosure, red-flag, and expert-referral facts.
- Session
- Session 4
- Focus
- Separate disclosure systems
- Proof you are ready
- Review 30 licensee, seller-report, lead, radon, flood, mine-subsidence, environmental, inspection, fraud, fair-housing, and nonphysical-fact scenarios.
- Session
- Session 5
- Focus
- Assist without switching sides
- Proof you are ready
- Audit 30 showing, brochure, approved-form, factual-entry, offer-transmission, negotiation, strategy, client-secret, dual-agency, compensation, and independent-advice questions.
- Session
- Session 6
- Focus
- Run C-U-S-T-O-M-E-R
- Proof you are ready
- Audit two Illinois customer files, score at least 90 percent, and state classification, notice, truth, fact test, assistance, boundaries, evidence, and referral aloud.
Do not count recognition as mastery. Close the notes and explain the rule, apply it to a new fact pattern, and identify why each distractor fails.
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Questions students ask about Customer in Real Estate: Illinois Exam Guide
What is a customer in real estate?
Under Illinois law, a customer is a consumer who is not being represented by the licensee. A buyer can be the listing agent's customer while the seller remains that agent's client. A landlord's agent can deal with a tenant customer. The licensee may provide lawful transaction assistance, but does not owe that customer the client advocacy, loyalty, or confidential strategic advice owed to the represented party.
Is an Illinois real estate customer unprotected?
No. Section 15-25 requires licensees to treat all customers honestly and prohibits negligently or knowingly giving them false information. A licensee engaged by a seller client must also timely disclose to prospective buyer customers all actually known latent material adverse facts about the property's physical condition that the customer could not discover through a reasonably diligent inspection.
What is the difference between a client and a customer?
A client is represented and receives the duties in Section 15-15, including agreement performance, best-interest conduct, lawful obedience, accounting, care, confidentiality, and material-transaction disclosure. A customer is not represented by that licensee. The customer receives the narrower protections in Section 15-25 and should obtain independent representation or expert advice for advocacy and strategy.
When must an Illinois licensee give no-agency notice to a customer?
Section 15-35 requires written disclosure that the licensee is not acting as the customer's agent at a time intended to prevent the customer from revealing confidential information to that licensee, and never later than preparation of an offer to purchase or lease. The best compliance moment is before discussing the customer's maximum price, urgency, financing ceiling, preferred concessions, or negotiating plan.
Can a listing agent help an unrepresented buyer customer prepare an offer?
Yes, within lawful limits and after timely role disclosure. The listing agent can provide factual information, transmit documents, and assist with factual completion of an approved form as permitted. The agent still represents the seller and cannot give the buyer disloyal advice, reveal the seller's secrets, draft custom legal provisions, interpret disputed legal rights, or pretend to negotiate as the buyer's advocate.
What property facts must an Illinois seller's agent disclose to a buyer customer?
Section 15-25 focuses on a precise group: facts about physical condition that are adverse, material, latent, actually known by the licensee, and not discoverable by the customer through a reasonably diligent inspection. Every element matters. Other statutes, fraud rules, seller-disclosure duties, environmental laws, or specific questions can require additional truthful information beyond that statutory phrase.
Must an Illinois licensee investigate for hidden defects for a customer?
Section 15-25 states an actual-knowledge disclosure rule and compares the hidden fact with what a reasonably diligent customer inspection could discover. It does not turn a broker into a home inspector or require destructive investigation. The licensee must not ignore what is actually known, give negligent or knowing false information, conceal evidence, or discourage appropriate inspections and expert referrals.
Is a visible property problem a latent defect?
Usually not if a reasonably diligent inspection would reveal it. Latent means hidden or not reasonably discoverable. That does not authorize a false statement about an obvious problem. Honesty still applies, and a visible warning sign may justify inspection, contractor, environmental, survey, zoning, title, or legal review even when the Section 15-25 latent-fact test is not met.
Is an agent liable whenever a seller gives a customer false information?
Not under the specific Section 15-25 safe-harbor sentence when the false information came from the licensee's client and the licensee did not actually know it was false. That protection is not a license to repeat implausible claims carelessly. The statute separately prohibits negligent or knowing false information, and other misrepresentation, advertising, disclosure, and professional rules can apply.
Does compensation turn a customer into a client?
No. Section 15-40 states that payment or promised payment does not determine agency. A buyer may remain unrepresented by the listing agent even if seller-side economics include compensation connected with the sale. Conversely, a buyer can be the buyer agent's client even when transaction funds ultimately cover some brokerage compensation.
Are these official PSI questions or legal advice?
No. The practice questions are original. The PSI Illinois outline, the Real Estate License Act, the Residential Real Property Disclosure Act, and current administrative rules were checked through August 1, 2026. This is exam education, not legal, agency, disclosure, inspection, environmental, fair-housing, contract, or transaction advice. A live matter requires the complete relationship disclosures, brokerage agreements, offer, seller report, known facts, questions and answers, inspection evidence, communications, and qualified professionals.
Primary sources
- PSI Illinois Candidate Information Booklet effective June 24, 2026
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/1-10 definitions of consumer, client, customer, agency, and confidential information
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/15-10 relationships between licensees and consumers
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/15-15 client duties for comparison
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/15-20 information not affecting physical condition
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/15-25 honesty, false information, and known latent physical facts
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/15-35 written no-agency notice timing
- Illinois General Assembly, 225 ILCS 454/15-40 compensation does not determine agency
- Illinois General Assembly, 765 ILCS 77 Residential Real Property Disclosure Act
- Illinois Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1450.755 transaction and disclosure records
- Illinois Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, 68 Ill. Adm. Code 1450.740 limits on contract explanation and licensed activity
The current official outline controls the tested scope. Statutes, regulations, and official agency materials control when a general study rule and a jurisdiction-specific rule differ.
Editorial status
Checked against primary sources
The Pass Illinois editorial team last checked this guide on August 1, 2026. Every practice question is an original study item, and the source links above let you verify the rules that support the lesson.